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The Pope and Mussolini: The Secret History of Pius XI and the Rise of Fascism in Europe, by David I. Kertzer
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Amazon.com Review
A Conversation between Jon Meacham and David Kertzer, author of The Pope and Mussolini: The Secret History of Pius XI and the Rise of Fascism in Europe When Pope John Paul II first announced the opening of Pius XI's archives, what made you think there might be an untold story buried inside? The Vatican’s alliance with Mussolini has long been controversial. Historians and journalists formed two camps. On one side were those who claimed that, far from being an ally, the Vatican was Mussolini’s greatest adversary during the twenty years of the Fascist regime. On the other side, people charged that the Church offered the regime crucial support. Yet until the 2006 opening of the Vatican’s archives—and with it a series of other Church archives—the controversy remained unsettled. The Pope and Mussolini is based on more than seven years of archival research. Tell me about one or two documents you uncovered that were breakthroughs in your understanding of these two men and this era. There were so many revealing documents, of so many different kinds, that it is hard to identify just one or two. Perhaps the most dramatic—what could even be called a kind of “smoking gunâ€â€”was the three-page text of a secret agreement between the Vatican and Mussolini reached two weeks before the racial laws were first announced. The trail of documents I unearthed shows the pope’s shadowy, but fascinating, Jesuit personal envoy to Mussolini, Pietro Tacchi Venturi, spending the days before the agreement going back and forth between the pope and the dictator to work out an accord. Shockingly, it states the Vatican’s agreement to make no objection to the racial laws as long as they were no more repressive than the popes’ own restrictions on the Jews in the days of the Papal States. And in fact the laws that were soon announced—expelling all Jewish students from the schools, firing all Jewish teachers, forbidding Jews from holding other positions of influence—were similar to those that had been in effect in Rome as long as the popes held power there. But not all of the most revealing documents were to be found in the Vatican archives. We know more about what was going on behind the scenes in the Vatican in these years than for any other time in history thanks to the dense network of spies the Fascists placed in and around the Vatican. These too shed much light on the pope and what he was dealing with. In the final months of his life Pius XI began to realize he had made a poisonous bargain with Mussolini and fascism. He tried to change the course of the church's relationship to Mussolini and Hitler, but it proved too late and he died in February, 1939 as the world was sliding into catastrophe. How much do you think Pius XI understood about what was coming to Italy, Europe, and the church? Pius XI was in many ways a tragic figure. His mentality was formed in a certain conservative Church ambience of the late nineteenth century and people should not act according to their own beliefs and conscience, but according to the directives of the Church hierarchy. It was only after he had been pope for over a decade that Hitler’s rise to power in Germany and Mussolini’s own increasing efforts to portray himself as a demi-god began to challenge the pope’s worldview. Something similar might be said about his attitude toward the Jews. He came from a Catholic environment in which the Jews were not only demonized as the crucifiers as Christ, cursed by God, but viewed as part of an occult conspiracy aimed at enslaving Christians and achieving world domination. Yet in his own city of Milan, he had gotten along with the small Jewish community and indeed even took Hebrew lessons from the local rabbi. Watching how his views of Jews percolated in the years leading to the Holocaust is to see a man struggling with a conflict he does not entirely comprehend. As for his understanding of what was coming by the late 1930s, the newly available archives make clear he was convinced that Europe was hurtling toward a cataclysm. Do you think there was a moment where a road or course not taken could have changed things significantly? A huge amount of attention has been paid to the question of the “silence†of Pius XI’s successor, Pius XII, during the Holocaust. This has turned into a rather heated debate over whether Pius could have affected German behavior by forcefully denouncing the mass murder of Europe’s Jews. I don’t want to get involved in that debate here, but what is clear to me is that the popes had much greater influence over Italians than they did over the Germans. Of course the popes themselves were all Italians, as were virtually all the members of the Curia. And while only a third of Germans were Catholic, Italians were overwhelmingly Catholic. So the interesting question for me is could the pope have prevented Italy from allying with Nazi Germanyz/ Might Italy never have entered the war on Germany’s side if the Vatican had acted differently? This is a huge question and I am not sure if it has ever been posed in quite this way before. Jon Meacham is the Pulitzer Prize-winning author of American Lion, Thomas Jefferson, Franklin and Winston, and American Gospel. The former editor of Newsweek, he is an Executive Editor and Executive Vice President of Random House.
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From Booklist
Two leaders came to power in 1922 in Rome, Achille Ratti was elevated to the papacy as Pius XI, and Benito Mussolini was appointed Italian prime minister. How relations between them developed until the pope’s 1939 demise occupies this original history, which rests on Kertzer’s thorough research of available Vatican archives and other sources. His main line of inquiry, the degree of support Pius XI accorded to Mussolini, guides Kertzer’s narrative, which begins with Mussolini’s opportunistic about-face from anticlerical socialist to Catholic-tolerating nationalist. Papal approval during the 1920s, when Mussolini’s regime survived political crises, received its reward in 1929 with the Lateran Accords that reestablished the Vatican as an independent state. Although he finds points of conflict between Pius XI and Mussolini, Kertzer underscores affinities between the Catholic Church and the fascist state, which may arouse controversy. Was the church as acquiescent to Mussolini’s persecutions of Jews as Kertzer portrays? In any event, he adduces evidence that Pius XI seems to have regretted his tacit alliance with Mussolini. An important work of history, Kertzer’s adroit profiles of Pius and Mussolini will broaden its audience. --Gilbert Taylor
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Product details
Hardcover: 592 pages
Publisher: Random House; Book Club (BCE/BOMC) edition (January 28, 2014)
Language: English
ISBN-10: 0812993462
ISBN-13: 978-0812993462
Product Dimensions:
6.5 x 1.5 x 9.6 inches
Shipping Weight: 1.9 pounds (View shipping rates and policies)
Average Customer Review:
4.5 out of 5 stars
274 customer reviews
Amazon Best Sellers Rank:
#67,882 in Books (See Top 100 in Books)
Fantastic History that describes one of the darkest chapters in not only the Vatican's history, but Europe's History as well. Mr. Kertzer combs through many pages of archives in the Vatican to retell the story of how the Pope sold out many Europeans, including the Jews in Europe for some semblance of stability in Fascist Italy, which was never fully calm until the Church kowtowed to Mussolini. Great job casting all the characters involved and helps explain what their objectives were in the period from the 1920's to the beginning of the world war. This is a great history that is very captivating and almost seems like a drama show that seems too good to be true. A very rich and detailed account of not only the men of the Vatican involved, but of the time period that it took place in. A worthy read, and a great book to begin with if you want to find out more about how the church sold their soul's to the devil to defend an institution in lieu of 11 million Europeans being massacred, 6 million of them Jews. A heartbreaking read, but a necessary one.
This is a well documented revisionist (here meant in a positive sense) history of the relationship between Italian fascism and the Catholic Church, personified in two men with autocratic instincts: Benito Mussolini and Pius XI. Pius is remembered as the author of the “Mit brennenger sorge†encyclical, condemning Nazi antisemitism, and has been perceived as more forceful in his condemnation of fascism than his successor, the suave, unctuously diplomatic Pius XII. This book reveals that while Pius XI might have been a pope who loathed antisemitism in its racial, Germanic variant, he did not do enough to prevent his entourage from pushing forward an antisemite agenda in Italy, more along the lines of “classic†ecclesial antisemitism, in exchange for the restoration of Church privileges, taken away by the Risorgimento and the Unification of Italy in the 1870s. It is an entertaining read with the right amount of truculence (although some minutiae about Mussolini’s sex life could have been mercifully edited); unfortunately, the book stops short of relating Pius XII’s pontificate and its controversial stance in the face of the Holocaust, which surely could be material for another book. Thoroughly enjoyable.
Very interesting book, at least for a non-historian. I felt like I knew Pious XI and Mussolini much better than I did before. There are a lot of details that reveal their personalities and contradictions. My book group also noted similarities with the 2016 presidential primary season. We are really looking forward to reading about WWII and Pious XII when Kertzer is allowed access to those Vatican records.
Having grown up in Rome, with parents and grandparents who had lived during the Mussolini years, from the “March on Rome†to the end of WWII; having heard their many stories about “Il Duce“; and having watched various Italian movies about the war years; I was very interested in reading this recently published (2014) book.Like most of the better educated Italians and, by the end by the war, like the vast majority of the Italian population, no one in my family appreciated Mussolini’s dictatorship, or his fascist ideas. Consequently, the stories that they told were not entirely objective or flattering towards “Il Duce“. I purchased the book for an unbiased description of the Mussolini character and of the times of his dictatorship.I decided to write the review: perhaps the readers will appreciate the point of view of someone like myself who “almost†(that means through her closest older relatives) experienced the Mussolini times directly.So let us start from the beginning.First of all - before seeing the actual book, and based on the number of reviews by Amazon.com customers (209, as this review is being published) - I was pleasantly surprised to discover so much interest on the part of the American people in two individuals - the pope and Mussolini - who lived (1) during a period of history when most of us were not born, and (2) in a country located so far from the United States.The Pope and Mussolini is about 550 pages long, of which 400 or so are dedicated to the actual narrative. The rest includes review excerpts from newspapers and magazines, maps of Rome and the Vatican and the “Cast of Characters†(prior to the narrative); some extensive notes, the bibliography and the index (following the narrative). There are many black and white photographs throughout, which enhance the narrative: it is always interesting to see the pictures of the individuals about whose lives and actions we are learning.The book is very well written and very informative. It may at times provide more information than necessary, but Mr. Kertzer is such a good narrator that I just could not stop reading until I came to the very end.Good is the idea of including a separate “Cast of Characters†- that is short biographies of the two title characters, as well as of Mussolini’s associates, and of members of the Church and the many other individuals mentioned in the narrative. These save the tedious effort of having to search through the 400 plus pages of the book, should one need to clarify the information about any such characters, for example, the date and place of birth.The major emphasis is on the exchanges between (1) Mussolini and his closest associates and (2) the Pope and the rest of the Vatican; in other words, between a dictator with a humongous ego and the most powerful being on earth - the representative of God himself, the being who, through excommunication, can condemn the soul rather than the body, thus punishing the unfortunate individual till the end of time, not just the end of his/her life.Most of the readers will be surprised how extensive and influential those exchanges were. Although, like most Romans, I was aware of the intrigues going on at the Vatican, I did not realize how involved Mussolini had been with the Church.I was not entirely happy with the character description of Mussolini which, at least based on the feelings of many of his compatriots, seems far too positive: the man comes through as a reasonably well balanced individual. Even though self centered, he is still within the limits of normality. Mussolini was not within those limits. He was out of touch with reality and expected too much from his fellow citizens, for example, when trying to turn them into a population of heroes. Heroes are born not made, and rare in any population.I do not agree with Mr. Kertzer, when he suggests that the Italians were “weak“, because they did not respond to Mussolini’s demands with the same enthusiasm as the Germans responded to Hitler‘s. Well, he does not actually state that they were weak, he indicates that this is what Mussolini believed. The Italians are not weak, in fact they were never afraid nor hesitated to fight for the right cause, for example, the country’s independence during the 19th century. But they did not believe in Mussolini. They recognized the unrealistic nature of his goals and did not try to accomplish those goals. What better proof for such conclusions than Italy’s (not Mussolini’s) decision to change sides (as decided by Mussolini) half way through the war - criticized by other nations, possibly justly so.Unfortunately, when a dictator is in charge, the population has little opportunity to decide whether or not to go along with his decisions.The final outcome - when both Hitler and Mussolini lost the war and died indecorous deaths (Mussolini certainly did) - confirms those conclusions. The support that the Germans gave to Hitler did not help him in the outcome of the war any more than the lack of support hindered Mussolini.The description of the events immediately before, during and after Mussolini’s death, is probably short, when compared with he descriptions of other events. It leaves out many details which are important for a full understanding of Mussolini‘s personality and character: those events expose the man in his true image, not the image that he had tried to project: a man with the leadership qualities of Julius Cesar and Napoleon combined. It is unfortunate that Colonnello Valerio (Walter Audisio), and the other partisans likely responsible for Mussolini’s capture, execution and transportation to Piazzale Loreto, are hardly mentioned at all, not during the narrative, not in the “Cast of Characters“. They deserve the proper credit for putting an end to a dictatorship that should never have happened.Many photographs were taken of the dead bodies of Mussolini and of other prominent fascist leaders, as displayed at Piazzale Loreto in Milan. The addition of at least one or two such photographs would have made the description of the conclusion of Mussolini’s life - when he reaped the results of the seeds that he had sowed during the previous twenty some years - more complete.I agree with Mr. Kertzer regarding the lack of popularity of Pius XI. Although there was abundant published controversy about Pius XII during the 1960‘s and 70‘s, I never ever heard anything being said - good or bad - about this pope.All in all - except for the very end - The Pope and Mussolini is a very good book, easy to read, informative and very well written. I learned a great deal from it…… , but I did not change my mind, definitely not my feelings, towards “Il Duceâ€.
Tremendous scholarship in digging into many of the misunderstood (at least by me) elements of the Pope/Mussolini relationship. In the early years--until the late 1930s when Hitler dominated Mussolini--the two worked together more than they didn't. Both gave each other things they desperately needed--Mussolini sought legitimacy for his imperial goals, and Pius wanted Catholicism to have control of schools and to be reinstated as the official religion of Italy. Post-War, the Church has stated that Pius was an ameliorating force on Il Duce, but while that may have been his inclination, Kertzer argues that in aggregate, he enabled far more than he retarded Mussolini's reign. The book also does a nice--albeit sometimes confusing--job of describing the various factions within the Church and the papal conclaves.
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